Answer / anurag mishra

1-To couteract the maximum shear stress developped at support
2-the Maximum shear stress zone in a column exists at the distance of l/3 from junctons of column with beam / slab ,so in this zone more stirrups are required to be provided,
3-at the ends of the beams, maximum hogging moment zone exists which causes column for faliure at top layer. this is why extra bars at the ends/ junctions of beams ,in top layer are provided.
4-o/lap length is the length of bar which is provided in the rienforcement where two bars are jointed linearly
lap length is the minimum specified length required for overlapping of two bars. its length is fixed for various grades of concretes.
5-The minimum length of bar required for the development of perfect bonding with concrete at the ends is called development length .it is calculated by Qst/4.tou.b.d

Answer / rakesh katkar

1 Because its junction where shear force is max & faliure
in case of earthquake

2 at the junction at L/2 zone where there are chances of
faliure

3 to counteract the max BM at the top

4 Overlap : itis the portion ofthe bar which is prolonged
at the otherside of the bar
Laplengh : it is the req distance of a bar to be joint
when there is shortage of total lenght

5 Development Length : It is the length where the bar ends
And it is caculated by Ost/4toubd

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