Answer / jitendra kumar

Budgeting in a business sense is the planned allocation of
available funds to each department within a company.
Budgeting allows executives to control overspending in less
productive areas and put more company assets into areas
which generate significant income or good public relations.
Budgeting is usually handled during meetings with
accountants, financial experts and representatives from
each department affected by the budgeting.

In a personal financing sense, budgeting can mean
estimating monthly living expenses based on previous bills
and wages. If your monthly income is a steady $3000, for
example, you can subtract all of your known monthly bills
from that figure even before they arrive. Some bills can be
estimated and subtracted from the original income figure.
The remaining balance after fixed expenses now becomes your
household budget. Instead of assigning dollar amounts for
sundries such as groceries, entertainment, gas and
clothing, budgeting allows you to use percentages instead.

The key to successful budgeting is both flexibility and
inflexibility. Certain expenses are fixed, so payment of
those bills should be an inflexible element. Nothing is
more important than paying those particular bills in full.
In business, departments need to know the absolute ceiling
on spending. Budgeting works best when very few exceptions
are made to the upper limits. The idea of fiscal
responsibility is to form a workable budget and stick to it
as best as possible.

Budgeting also requires an element of flexibility. It isn't
always possible to assign a fixed dollar amount on a
project in January and expect the budget to remain stable
in July. There are always unexpected events which can
drastically change the priorities of a company or an
individual. Without flexible budgeting, money allocated for
one purpose could not be reallocated during a fiscal
emergency. An unexpected drop in sales revenue in March can
affect the budgeting plans in November, so accountants and
financial officers need to adjust their figures regularly.

When economic times are good, many people become lax about
personal budgeting. As long as there is more money coming
in than going out, all is well. But those who learn to
establish a workable budget and keep within it during the
lean times often survive major financial crises better than
those who don't. Financial discipline can spell the
difference between weathering the storm and declaring
bankruptcy.

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Someone wants to send a small quantity, say about 500 Kgs., of green coffee beans from Koraput Orissa to Bangalore for Roasting and Packaging of the same there. There will be a loss in weight of about 20% during the processing the green coffee beans into coffee powder, which will then be fit for human consumption. Now, after processing the green coffee beans at Bangalore, the person wants to sell simultaneously a part of the Roasted Coffee Powder to four persons; one of them is in Chandigarh (a registered Dealer in Punjab) and the other is in Mumbai (possibly he is a an individual and not a registered dealer), third one is a registered dealer in Bangalore and the last one is an individual consumer just like you and me, and is not a registered dealer and stays in Mysore. The person wishes to bring the rest of the packed Roasted Coffee Powder back to Koraput, Odisha. The planter is a registered dealer under VAT in Odisha and has produced (manufactured) the coffee beans in his own gardens, and has applied for a CST Number but is yet to obtain the Number. We want to know: As to whether he can send the coffee beans to Bangalore for roasting without obtaining a CST Number beforehand. Or as to whether it is mandatory for him to get the CST registration first, before sending the Coffee beans to outside the state; As to how the person can generate the Way Bills from here and to send these to the transport carriers, for his sales to Chandigarh, Mumbai, Bangalore and Mysore. Tell me as to how he can do the necessary paper works and as to how he can pay the tax collected thus, As to how he can bring the rest of the roasted coffee powder back to Koraput that he can sell afterwards in the state and outside; He shall be sending samples of the Roasted coffee to Philippines and elsewhere, from Bangalore itself. May be in a subsequent times he might export, for which he has to send the roasted coffee powder to Mumbai; If the person wants to send the parchment coffee to Kushal Nagar in Karnataka to do the Curing Pre-Roasting) there, as to how he can send the processed coffee to the Roster at Bangalore. During Curing there is a loss of weight of about 20% too. Until the roasting is done, there will be no transfer of ownership, at any point of time, in between.

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under what circustances centralisation and decentralisation of authority is desirable

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Describe the potential marketing plans you would have to obtain new customers?

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