Answer / aadi ahanger

Gonads
As we have learned in our study of the endocrine system, hormones play a controlling role during every stage of development. From a baby's first birthday to his or her retirement years, hormones are produced and secreted to help deal with the complexities of being a human. In this lesson, we will take a look at the hormones produced by the gonads that play a key role in your growth and development.

The gonads are the organs that make sex hormones and reproductive cells. We do see that sex hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex; however, the secretion of sex hormones from the adrenal cortex is minimal compared to the amount produced by the gonads.

Ovaries
Location of the ovaries in females

The ovaries are the female gonads. The ovaries are paired organs that are found in the pelvic cavity. The ovaries are the organs that produce the egg, which is the female reproductive cell that, if fertilized, will give rise to the embryo.

The ovaries also produce steroid hormones, which we will learn about shortly. The ovaries are present in a baby girl, but they do not become functional until puberty. At puberty, the ovaries are stimulated by tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland, and this leads to the rhythmic ovarian cycle that a woman experiences until menopause.

Estrogen and Progesterone
Estrogen is a steroid hormone that helps control and guide female sexual development. Estrogen is responsible for stimulating the development of female secondary sex characteristics. We know that secondary sex characteristics are defined as characteristics specific to females or males, but not directly related to reproduction. Therefore, in a female we see estrogen helps with such things as development of the breasts, widening of the hips, and the growth of body hair.

Estrogen works in harmony with progesterone, which is a steroid hormone that acts to prepare the uterus to receive the fertilized egg and maintain pregnancy. While it is correct to say that progesterone is secreted by the ovaries, it's more correct to say that it is a hormone produced by the corpus luteum of the ovaries. The corpus luteum is a structure that develops in an ovary after the egg has been discharged.

So, the corpus luteum is the structure that remains after ovulation, which is the discharge of the egg. This structure produces progesterone for a few days after ovulation and then degenerates, unless pregnancy occurs. If pregnancy does occur, the corpus luteum remains and continues to produce progesterone.

The corpus luteum remains only if pregnancy occurs after ovulation

This ensures that the lining of the uterus is maintained, and not sloughed off, until the placenta is developed enough to take over progesterone's production. So, we see that the release of estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries is needed for reproduction to occur. If these hormones are under-produced, it will severely impede the woman's ability to conceive a child.

As we previously learned, hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland influence the ovaries. As we often see in our study of the endocrine system, the hormonal secretions from one endocrine gland stimulate another endocrine gland to secrete its hormones. This is the case when we talk about the hormone secreted from the gonads.

Luteinizing hormone, or LH, is a hormone from the anterior pituitary that influences the ovaries and triggers ovulation of the egg, which leads to the creation of the corpus luteum. Follicle-stimulating hormone, or FSH, is a second tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary that stimulates production of the egg.

Testes and Testosterone
The male gonads are within the scrotal sac

The testes are the male gonads. Like the ovaries, the testes are paired organs, but unlike the ovaries, the testes are found outside the pelvic cavity and are contained in the scrotal sac. The testes are the organs that produce sperm, which is the male reproductive cell.

Answer / guest

GTH

Answer / chetan jharwal

androgen
astrogen

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