BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING - EXAMPLE 14.2 : An aqueous solution with 2.5 g of a protein dissolved in 600 cubic centimeters of a solution at 20 degree Celsius was placed in a container that has a water-permeable membrane. Water permeated through the membrane until the h - level of the solution was 0.9 cm above the pure water. (a) Calculate the absolute temperature of the solution, T in Kelvin, where T (Kelvin) = T (degree Celsius) + 273.15. (b) Calculate the osmotic pressure, P of the solution by using the formula P = hrg where h is level of the solution, r is density of water with 1000 kg per cubic meter, g = 9.81 N / kg as gravitational acceleration. (c) Calculate the concentration of the protein solution, C in kg / cubic meter. (d) Calculate the molecular weight of the protein, (MW) = CRT / P where R = 8.314 Pa cubic meter / (mol K) as ideal gas constant.
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING - ANSWER 14.2 : (a) T = 20 + 273.15 = 293.15 K. (b) P = hrg = (0.9 / 100) (1000) (9.81) = 88.29 Pa. (c) C = (2.5 / 1000) / (600 / 1000000) = 4.167 kg / cubic meter. (d) (MW) = CRT / P = (4.167) (8.314) (293.15) / 88.29 = 115.03 kg / mol = 115030 g / mol. The answer is given by Kang Chuen Tat; PO Box 6263, Dandenong, Victoria VIC 3175, Australia; SMS +61405421706; chuentat@hotmail.com; http://kangchuentat.wordpress.com.
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why transmission lines using 220KV.
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING - EXAMPLE 14.3 : The kinetic behavior of an enzyme could be described using Michalis - Menten equation : Vo = Vmax [S] / (Km + [S]). Derive this equation from [ES] = [E]total [S] / (Km + [S]), Vmax = Kcat [E]total, Vo = Kcat [ES].
In a Laplace Transform Table, the Laplace transfer function of f(t) is F(s). When d(t) = f(t) then 1 = F(s). When x(t) = f(t) then X(s) = F(s). If d(t) is the impulse of a spring when d(t) = kx(t), then derive the equation for the impulse of a spring as X(s) in term of k. Next question : A controller has a transfer function a and the other controller has a transfer function b. The overall transfer function of both controllers is ab. What is the transfer function overall when both controllers have similar transfer function 1 / (Cs k)?
CHEMICAL MATERIAL BALANCE - EXAMPLE 2.3 : A 1.5 weight % aqueous salt solution is concentrated to 4 weight % in a single-effect evaporator. The feed rate to the evaporator is F = 7500 kg / h and the feed is at 85 degree Celsius. The evaporator operates at 1 bar. By assuming that only pure solvent of water exists in the form of vapor from the feed, calculate the flow rate of such vapor V.
Why is a vacuum breaker used on shell and tube heat exchangers that are utilizing steam as the heating utility?
what is vacuum....?
QUANTUM BIOLOGY - EXAMPLE 33.8 : (a) Let ^ be the symbol of power where 1 ^ 2 = 1 x 1 = 1, 2 ^ 2 = 2 x 2 = 4. Let the number of electrons in a human body to be 10 ^ 28 = A, the number of all of the grains of sand on Earth planet to be 7 x (10 ^ 20) = B, the number of all the stars in the visible sky to be 8 x (10 ^ 3) = C. By assuming that every star in the visible sky has the same number of grains of sand as on Earth planet, prove by mathematical calculations that there are more electrons in one human body compared to the number of all of the grains of sand on the stars in the visible sky. (b) The incoming solar radiation to the Earth's surface is mainly from sun. Around 51 % of the radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface. Around 19 % is absorbed by atmosphere and clouds. In term of reflection, 4 % of the radiation is from surface of Earth, 6 % is reflected by atmosphere and the rest is reflected by clouds. Find the percentage of radiation absorbed by and reflected by biological beings on Earth, with reason for your response.
QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - EXAMPLE 31.6 : In N + 1 Rule in Quantum Chemistry, whenever a spin 1 / 2 nucleus is adjacent to N other nuclei, it is split into N + 1 distinct peaks. In 1 peak or singlet, there is only 1 magnitude. In 2 peaks or doublet, the ratio of magnitude of each peak is 1 : 1. In 3 peaks or triplet, the ratio of magnitude of each peak is 1 : 2 : 1. In 4 peaks or quartet, the ratio of magnitude of each peak is 1 : 3 : 3 : 1. In 5 peaks or quintet, the ratio of magnitude of each peak is 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1. (a) By using binomial coefficients or Triangle of Pascal find the ratio of magnitude of each peak if 6 peaks exists. (b) How many adjacent nuclei are available in a spin 1 / 2 nucleus in such situation of 6 peaks?
What compounds are responsible for the odours that come from wastewater treatment plants?
Explain the Deacon reaction?
EXAMPLE 34.14 : For a formula of y = [ 1 - 1 / (1 + r) ^ n ] / r, let y = present value, r = interest rate / year, n = number of years to future value of 1 : (a) Find a simple mathematical relationship of y as a function of r when n = 1 million years. (b) What is the present value of $10000, if the annual discount rate is 10 %, forever?
is petroleum a mixture of hydrocarbon?