Answer / vino

Devices such as ultrasonic flow equipment use the Doppler frequency shift of ultrasonic signals
reflected from discontinuities in the fluid stream to obtain flow measurements. These
discontinuities can be suspended solids, bubbles, or interfaces generated by turbulent eddies in
the flow stream. The sensor is mounted on the outside of the pipe, and an ultrasonic beam from
a piezoelectric crystal is transmitted through the pipe wall into the fluid at an angle to the flow
stream. Signals reflected off flow disturbances are detected by a second piezoelectric crystal
located in the same sensor. Transmitted and reflected signals are compared in an electrical
circuit, and the corresponding frequency shift is proportional to the flow velocity.

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