Answer / rao

Normalization is process for reducing the redency of the
data.there 5 normal forms mainly used in 3 forms
4th one boyesscoded normal form

Answer / aa

Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data
in a database. There are two goals of the normalization
process: eliminating redundant data (for example, storing
the same data in more than one table) and ensuring data
dependencies make sense (only storing related data in a
table). Both of these are worthy goals as they reduce the
amount of space a database consumes and ensure that data is
logically stored.

Answer / j geor

Database normalization is a technique for designing
relational database tables to minimize duplication of
information and, in so doing, to safeguard the database
against certain types of logical or structural problems,
namely data anomalies.
1NF Eliminate Repeating Groups - Make a separate table for
each set of related attributes, and give each table a
primary key.
2NF Eliminate Redundant Data - If an attribute depends on
only part of a multi-valued key, remove it to a separate table.
3NF Eliminate Columns Not Dependent On Key - If attributes
do not contribute to a description of the key, remove them
to a separate table.
BCNF Boyce-Codd Normal Form - If there are non-trivial
dependencies between candidate key attributes, separate them
out into distinct tables.
4NF Isolate Independent Multiple Relationships - No table
may contain two or more 1:n or n:m relationships that are
not directly related.
5NF Isolate Semantically Related Multiple Relationships -
There may be practical constrains on information that
justify separating logically related many-to-many relationships.
ONF Optimal Normal Form - a model limited to only simple
(elemental) facts, as expressed in Object Role Model notation.
DKNF Domain-Key Normal Form - a model free from all
modification anomalies.

Answer / udhaya kumar

Normal forms in SQL are given below.

First Normal form (1NF): A relation is said to be in 1NF if
it has only single valued attributes, neither repeating nor
arrays are permitted.

Second Normal Form (2NF): A relation is said to be in 2NF if
it is in 1NF and every non key attribute is fully functional
dependent on the primary
key.

Third Normal Form (3NF): We say that a relation is in 3NF if
it is in 2NF and has no transitive dependencies.

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): A relation is said to be in
BCNF if and only if every determinant in the relation is a
candidate key.

Fourth Normal Form (4NF): A relation is said to be in 4NF if
it is in BCNF and contains no multi valued attributes.

Fifth Normal Form (5NF): A relation is said to be in 5NF if
and only if every join dependency in relation is implied by
the candidate keys of relation.

Domain-Key Normal Form (DKNF): We say that a relation is in
DKNF if it is free of all modification anomalies. Insertion,
Deletion, and update anomalies come under modification
anomalies.
--- *********************---

Answer / prasad kumar

Normalization

This topic is a bit digressing from a DW point of view. But
it is better that we know about Normalization. Once we
understand Normalization & DW facts & dimensions, the schema
concepts would be clearer. It would help us understand why
reporting is easier & faster from a DW. There are 5 types of
Normalization. But for now it’s enough to understand 3 types
of Normalization. Normalization helps in reducing data
redundancy. As we move towards higher normalization

1NF: This type of normalization states that there must not
be any duplicates in the tables that we use. In other words,
all the tables used must have a primary key defined.

2NF: This type of normalization states that data redundancy
can be reduced if attributes those are dependent on one of
the keys of a composite primary key are isolated to a
separate table. Not only does this reduces data redundancy
but also helps in increasing data retention when a delete is
done. For example, consider a table that has the following
columns: Part Id, State, City, and Country. Here, assume
Part Id & Country form the composite primary key. The
attributes state & city depend only on the country. 2NF
states that if such is the case then split the table into 2
tables. One with Part Id & country as the columns. Other
with Country, state & city as the columns. In the 1st table
if a delete is made to all the rows with Part Id = ‘X’ then
we would lose country related data too. But in the 2nd case
this would not happen.

3NF: This type of normalization states that if a dependency
exists on certain attributes other than the primary key then
the table split depending on the dependency has to be done.
Consider the same example above. In the present case
consider that Part Id is the only primary key. Now state,
city depend only on country & not on Part Id. This table is
already in 1NF & 2NF. But to achieve 3NF we would do the
same split as above.

Answer / danish mahmood

Normalization is a systematic way of ensuring that a
database structure is suitable for general purpose querying
and free of certain undesirable characteristics—insertion,
update, and deletion anomalies that could lead to a loss of
data integrity.

Answer / alina

breaking of a table is called normalization.
types of normalization ar
1NF, 2NF, 3NF

Answer / sakthivel

it is a process of effectively arranging data in database .
types
first normal form
second normal form
third normal form
boyce code normal form

Answer / sri

It is set of rules that have been established to aid in the
design of tables that are meant to
be connected through relationships. This set of rules is
known as Normalization

First Normal Form

Second Normal form

Third normal form

Answer / tariku

a systematic way of ensuring that a database structure is
suitable for general purpose querying & free of certain
undesirable characteristics insertion,update,& deletion
anomalies that could lead to a lose of data integrity

Is primary key always clustered index?

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Table1: Col1 col2 1 2 10 3 4 89 5 6 Table:2 Col1 col2 3 2 9 5 4 7 6 87 With the help of table1 and table2 write a query to simulate the fallowing results. Output1: Col1 col2 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 Output2: Col1 col2 2 3 10 4 5 89 6 7 1.Write query for single row to multiple row using sql statements. Eg:a,b,c,d,e,f Change to A B C D E F 2. Write query for multiple row to single row using sql statements. Eg2 A B C D E F Change to Eg:a,b,c,d,e,f Table1: Col1 col2 8 5 2 9 4 2 5 1.Write a query to select all the rows from a table1,if the value of A is null then corresponding B’s value should be printed in A’s value.if the value of A is null in that table then corresponding B’s value should be printed as 30. 2. write a query to find the sum of A and B .display the max among both. 3.write a query to find total number of rows from table 1. Note: if any column value is null in a row then that row should be considered as 2 rows. 4.write a query to display all the records of table1 except A containg 2 as well B containg 5. 5.rewrite the fallowing without using join and group by. Select b.title,max(bc.returneddate –bc.checkoutdate)” mostdaysout” From bookshelf_checkout bc, Book shelf B Where bc.title(+)=b.title Group by b.title. 6.rewrite fallowing query Select id_category from category_master X where exists (select 1 from sub_category Y where X.id_category=Y.id_category) Customer: Name phone1 phone2 phone3 bitwise A 23456 67890 12345 --- B 67459 89760 37689 --- Don’t_call Col1 67890 37689 1.q) update the customer table of bitwise with 1 or 0. Exists in don’t_call table menas show -1 Other wise -0. Output. Name bitwise A 010 B 010

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