Answer Posted / jaroosh

>Array is a simple sequence of numbers which are not
>concerned about each-others positions.
This is not true, what about arrays of objects ? They may be
concerned about each other in some way.

>adding,removing or modifying any array element is very >easy.
This is untrue also, adding, removing elements in array is
significantly more complex than removing or adding elements
in linked list. This is because removing elements from array
causes all elements after it to be shifted back, whereas
with linked list, its merely traversing the list to find the
node, previous node, and the next node and setting pointers,
and inserting element into array will probably call for
1) resizing the whole array size (ie. assingning a new,
bigger memory chunk for it)
2) copying elements from the former smaller array to the new
- bigger one.
This is a huge trade off, provided that in list, its simply
matter of setting the NEXT pointer of one of the nodes.

Main differences between the two are:
1) arrays are RANDOM ACCESS structures, where you can access
elements in random/indexed manner, whereas list is a
sequential access structure. This makes such algorithms like
heap sort or binary search to work much faster on arrays
2) arrays are static/fixed size whereas lists are dynamic
size structures. It means that when creating an array (both
on stack or heap), you HAVE to specify its size. With lists,
you just create an empty list and freely expand it
3) array consist of continuous chunks of memory, ie. nth
element is at the memory location of :
address_of_array + sizeof(array_element_type) * n
this always holds true, that is why following will always work :
for(int i=0;i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
cout << *(array++);
List is a sequence of nodes, connected by NEXT pointers, so
consequent nodes may lie WHEREVER in memory

What are the output(s) for the following ? #include char *f() {char *s=malloc(8); strcpy(s,"goodbye")} main() { char *f(); printf("%c",*f()='A'); }

1175

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What does the function toupper() do?

1119

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4-Take two sets of 5 numbers from user in two arrays. Sort array 1 in ascending and array 2 in descending order. Perform sorting by passing array to a function mySort(array, sortingOrder). Then multiply both the arrays returned from function, using metric multiplication technique in main. Print result in metric format.

2179

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What is the difference between struct and union in C?

1302

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The __________ attribute is used to announce variables based on definitions of columns in a table?

1198

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What is main () in c language?

1129

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What are types of preprocessor in c?

1066

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any limit on the number of functions that might be present in a C program a) max 35 functions b) max 50 functions c) no limit d) none of the above

1044

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of c language?

1013

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What is anagram in c?

912

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What is the difference between procedural and declarative language?

1141

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Explain how can I read and write comma-delimited text?

1159

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I have written a pro*C program to fetch data from the cursor. where in i have used the concept of BULK FETCH.... each FETCH statement is taking lots of time to fetch specified number of rows at...

10196

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Explain what is the benefit of using const for declaring constants?

1025

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Agonistic behavior, or aggression, is exhibited by most of the more than three million species of animals on this planet. Animal behaviorists still disagree on a comprehensive definition of the term, hut aggressive behavior can be loosely described as any action that harms an adversary or compels it to retreat. Aggression may serve many purposes, such as Food gathering, establishing territory, and enforcing social hierarchy. In a general Darwinian sense, however, the purpose of aggressive behavior is to increase the individual animal’s—and thus, the species’—chance of survival. Aggressive behavior may he directed at animals of other species, or it may be conspecific—that is, directed at members of an animal’s own species. One of the most common examples of conspecific aggression occurs in the establishment and maintenance of social hierarchies. In a hierarchy, social dominance is usually established according to physical superiority; the classic example is that of a pecking order among domestic fowl. The dominance hierarchy may be viewed as a means of social control that reduces the incidence of attack within a group. Once established, the hierarchy is rarely threatened by disputes because the inferior animal immediately submits when confronted by a superior. Two basic types of aggressive behavior are common to most species: attack and defensive threat. Each type involves a particular pattern of physiological and behavioral responses, which tends not to vary regardless of the stimulus that provokes it. For example, the pattern of attack behavior in cats involves a series of movements, such as stalking, biting, seizing with the forepaws and scratching with tile hind legs, that changes very little regardless of the stimulus—that is, regardless of who or what the cat is attacking. The cat’s defensive threat response offers another set of closely linked physiological and behavioral patterns. The cardiovascular system begins to pump blood at a faster rate, in preparation for sudden physical activity. The eves narrow and the ears flatten against the side of the cat’s head for protection, and other vulnerable areas of the body such as the stomach and throat are similarly contracted. Growling or hissing noises and erect fur also signal defensive threat. As with the attack response, this pattern of responses is generated with little variation regardless of the nature of the stimulus. Are these aggressive patterns of attack and defensive threat innate, genetically programmed, or are they learned? The answer seems to be a combination of both. A mouse is helpless at birth, but by its l2th day of life can assume a defensive threat position by backing up on its hind legs. By the time it is one month old, the mouse begins to exhibit the attack response. Nonetheless, copious evidence suggests that animals learn and practice aggressive behavior; one need look no further than the sight of a kitten playing with a ball of string. All the elements of attack—stalking, pouncing, biting, and shaking—are part of the game that prepares the kitten for more serious situations later in life. 7) The passage asserts that animal social hierarchies are generally stable because: a) the behavior responses of the group are known by all its members. b) the defensive threat posture quickly stops most conflicts. c) inferior animals usually defer to their physical superior. d) the need for mutual protection from other species inhibits conspecific aggression. 8) According to the author, what is the most significant physiological change undergone by a cat assuming the defensive threat position? a) An increase in cardiovascular activity b) A sudden narrowing of the eyes c) A contraction of the abdominal muscles d) The author does not say which change is most significant 9) Based on the information in the passage about agonistic behavior, it is reasonable to conclude that: I. the purpose of agonistic behavior is to help ensure the survival of the species. II. agonistic behavior is both innate and learned. III. conspecific aggression is more frequent than i aggression. a) I only b) II only c) I and II only d) I,II and III only 10) Which of the following would be most in accord with the information presented in the passage? a) The aggressive behavior of sharks is closely inked to their need to remain in constant motion. b) fine inability of newborn mice to exhibit the attack response proves that aggressive behavior must be learned. c) Most animal species that do riot exhibit aggressive behavior are prevented from doing so by environmental factors. d) Members of a certain species of hawk use the same method to prey on both squirrels and gophers. 11) The author suggests that the question of whether agonistic behavior is genetically programmed or learned: a) still generates considerable controversy among animal behaviorists. b) was first investigated through experiments on mice. c) is outdated since most scientists now believe the genetic element to be most important. d) has been the subject of extensive clinical study. 12) Which of the following topics related to agonistic behavior is NOT explicitly addressed in the passage? a) The physiological changes that accompany attack behavior in cats b) The evolutionary purpose of aggression c) Conspecific aggression that occurs in dominance hierarchies d) The relationship between play and aggression 13) The author of this passage is primarily concerned with: a) analyzing the differences between attack behavior and defensive threat behavior. b) introducing a subject currently debated among animal behaviorists. c) providing a general overview of aggressive behavior in animals. d) illustrating various manifestations of agonistic behavior among mammals.

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