What is the difference between short circuit and overload
currents?
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Answer Posted / raghu
Short circuit means the current passing though conductor
by-passes the connected load. This happens when the metal
wires come in contact at an unwanted location, generally due
to failure of insulation. Numerically, the resistance
connected to the circuit becomes nearly zero and thus the
current, i=v/R = v/0 = infinity, causing damage to source,
conductor. A fuse saves the situation by melting due to high
current and the source is disconnected to avoid further damage.
Short circuiting is possible in a circuit (eg: home wiring)
as well as inside a electrical device (eg: motor) in its
internal circuitry.
The term "Overload" may refer to a circuit or a device.
When too many devices are plugged in to a circuit (eg: many
appliances in a single power socket) and if the total
current requirement is much more than the "design current
capacity, (rating)" of the circuit, the circuit is said to
have over loaded. Here also,as in short circuit, current
drawn is high causing damage to circuit or source.
Continuous malfunctioning or faulty working of devices may
cause overload. Due to some specific reasons (over heating,
no-load running, high-load running), the internal circuitry
of the device gets partially short circuited. Hence the
capacity of device gets reduced (as if a half HP pump is
used where 1 HP is required); however, the device continues
with its work at a reduced resistance but with a huge task
at hand. Thus the device is said to have overloaded. The
overloaded device draws high current (due to reduced
resistance) from the circuit and thus causing damage.
Short circuiting is a sudden action/ response (spike in
current) while overloading is a slow process(excess current
is being drawn for a large duration).
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