Answer Posted / supriyo pal

There are two ways to synchronized the execution of code:
1. Synchronized Methods
2. Synchronized Blocks (Statements)

Synchronized Methods
If any method is specified with the keyword synchronized then this method of an object is only executed by one thread at a time. A any thread want to execute the synchronized method, firstly it has to obtain the objects lock. Acquire the method is simply by calling the method. If the lock is already held by another thread, then calling thread has to wait.

public class SynThread{
public static void main(String args[]){
Share s=new Share();
MyThread m1=new MyThread(s,"Thread1");
MyThread m2=new MyThread(s,"Thread2");
MyThread m3=new MyThread(s,"Thread3");
}
}
class MyThread extends Thread{
Share s;
MyThread(Share s,String str){
super(str);
this.s=s;
start();
}
public void run(){
s.doword(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
class Share{
public synchronized void doword(String str){
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
System.out.println("Started :"+str);
try{
Thread.sleep(100);
}catch(Exception e){}
}
}
}

Synchronized Blocks (Statements)
A synchronized statement is another way to create synchronized code. Synchronized statements must specify the object that provides the intrinsic lock. The synchronized block allows execution of arbitrary code to be synchronized on the lock of an arbitrary object.
General form of synchronized block is:
synchronized (object reference expression)
{
code block..
}

public class SynStatement{
public static void main(String args[]){
Share s=new Share();
MyThread m1=new MyThread(s,"Thread1");
MyThread m2=new MyThread(s,"Thread2");
MyThread m3=new MyThread(s,"Thread3");
}
}
class MyThread extends Thread{
Share s;
MyThread(Share s,String str){
super(str);
this.s=s;
start();
}
public void run(){
s.doword(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
class Share{
public void doword(String str){
synchronized(this){
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
System.out.println("Started :"+str);
try{
Thread.sleep(100);
}catch(Exception e){}
}
}
}
}


http://www.roseindia.net/java/thread/synchronization.shtml

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The results are written to a file named studentemail.txt. students.txt consists of a number of lines, each containing the data of a student in colon delimited format: Last Name:First Name:Student Number Each input record is converted to an e-mail address and written to studentemail.txt in the following format: the first character of the last name + the first character of the first name + the last four digits of the student number + “@myunisa.ac.za” import java.io.*; public class EmailConverter { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new FileReader ("students.txt")); PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter ("studentemail.txt")); String line = input.readLine(); while (line != null) { // Extract the information for each student String[] items = line.split(":"); // Generate the email address String email = "" + items[0].charAt(0) + items[1].charAt(0) + items[2].substring(4,8) + "@myunisa.ac.za"; email = email.toLowerCase(); // Output output.println(email); line = input.readLine(); } input.close(); output.close(); } } Rewrite the class so that it handles possible errors that may occur. 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Typical information that you could store for each pet (where relevant) would be • Breed of animal • Animal's name • Its birth date • Its sex • Whether it has been sterilised or not • When it is due for its next inoculation • When it last had its wings clipped For each type of pet (eg. dog, cat or bird) you would typically define a class to hold the relevant data. Note: You do not need to implement these classes. Just answer the following questions. 3.1.1 What would be the advantage of creating a superclass (eg. Pet) and declaring an array of Pet objects over simply using an array of Objects, storing each of the instances of the different pet classes (eg. Dog, Cat or Bird) in it? 3.1.2 Would you define Pet as a class or as an interface? Why? (2) (2) 3.2 Consider the following class: public class Point { protected int x, y; public Point(int xx, int yy) { x = xx; y = yy; } public Point() { this(0, 0); } public int getx() { return x; } public int gety() { return y; } public String toString() { return "("+x+", "+y+")"; } } Say you wanted to define a rectangle class that stored its top left corner and its height and width as fields. 3.2.1 Why would it be wrong to make Rectangle inherit from Point (where in fact it would inherit the x and y coordinates for its top left corner and you could just add the height and width as additional fields)? (1) 8 Now consider the following skeleton of the Rectangle class: public class Rectangle { private Point topLeft; private int height, width; public Rectangle(Point tl, int h, int w) { topLeft = tl; height = h; width = w; } public Rectangle() { this(new Point(), 0, 0); } // methods come here } 3.2.2 Explain the no-argument constructor of the Rectangle class given above. 3.2.3 Write methods for the Rectangle class to do the following: • a toString() method that returns a string of the format "top left = (x, y); height = h; width = w " where x, y, h and w are the appropriate integer values. • an above() method that tests whether one rectangle is completely above another (i.e. all y values of the one rectangle are greater than all y values of the other). For example, with the following declarations Rectangle r1 = new Rectangle(); Rectangle r2 = new Rectangle(new Point(2,2), 1, 4); the expression r2.above(r1) should give true, and r2.above (r2) should give false. 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