Answer Posted / ashwin palaparthi

defect clustering:
Joe made the point clear, density has got nothing to do
with clustering. Yes, yuva could have meant "higher
density" but even then that is not what is "important"
about clustering.

Many things in the world reflect the "principle of factor
sparsity" and Software Testing is no exception. For
example, in two dimensional arrays used in most programs,
we find that they are sparse. Let me make it simple here-
long ago, an Italian economist named Pareto highlighted
that 80% of Italy's wealth was owned by 20%. From then
onwards it has become a generic tool of conclusion, and was
applied to many things of the world we live in.

There exists a hypothesis (with a reasonable amount of
reality in it) that bugs are typically clustered in one
area. Something like 80% of the defects being present in
20% of the overall codebase.

So, when you hear that an application has 1000 known bugs
and look at the detail of their distribution, many of them
perhaps originate from 20% of the modules therefore forming
a "cluster of defects".

If you were to buy this principle, then you have to start
thinking of where you can apply this- one example would be
to suspend testing if you sniff a cluster (instead of
finding all the rest of the defects, perhaps an upfront
alert from the testers could make the developers seriously
review that portion of the app again in a hope to fix the
found + about_to_be_found defects). This requires
speculative intelligence and is risky, though there is an
engineering endorsement to the principle. Another example
would be (in case where the project is over and the test
summary information is available for post-mortem), one
could do a thorough Root-cause-analysis on the cluster.

And so on.

Ashwin Palaparthi

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