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Answer Posted / kusum gahlawat
Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying
stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny
plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods.[1]
Micropropagation is used to multiply novel plants, such as
those that have been genetically modified or bred through
conventional plant breeding methods. It is also used to
provide a sufficient number of plantlets for planting from
a stock plant which does not produce seeds, or does not
respond well to vegetative reproduction.
Micropropagation begins with the selection of plant
material to be propagated. Clean stock materials that are
free of viruses and fungi are important in the production
of the healthiest plants. Often plants are first virus
indexed to determine if they are clean and free of viruses.
Once the plant material is chosen for culture, the
collection of explant(s) begins and is dependent on the
type of tissue to be used; including stem tips, anthers,
petals, pollen and others plant tissues. The explant
material is then surface sterilized, usually in multiple
courses of bleach and alcohol washes and finally rinsed in
sterilized water. This small portion of plant tissue,
sometimes only a single cell, is placed on a growth medium,
typically containing sucrose as an energy source and one or
more plant growth regulators (plant hormones). Usually the
medium is thickened with agar to create a gel which
supports the explant during growth. Some plants are easily
grown on simple media but others require more complicated
media for successful grow; some media include vitamins,
minerals and amino acids. The medium is sterilized during
preparation to prevent fungal and bacterial contamination,
which can outgrow and smother the growing explant.
Autoclaves and filter sterilization are used to remove
potential contaminates, under smaller scales of production
a pressure cooker is often used.
The plant tissue grows and differentiates into new tissues
depending on the medium. For example, media containing
cytokinins are used to create branched shoots from plant
buds.
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