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The plant body is differentiated into the underground root
system and the aerial shoot system. Root system consists of
the main root and the lateral roots, while the shoot system
is differentiated into distinct organs as stem, branches,
leaves and Flowers. Of these roots, stem, branches and
leaves are called vegetative parts and the flowers are
called reproductive parts.
(1) Vegetative parts:- Root system consists of masn root and
lateral roots. Each root has a cap called root cap, and
delicate hair called root hair.
Shoot system is normally aerial and
consists of main stem, its branches and leaves. The stem is
provided with nods and inter nodes. The leaf appears at the
node and is provided with a stalk called the portion and
flat green expanded portion, the leaf blade which is
interspersed with numerous veins of which median strong one
is called midrib. A bud appears in the axil of leaf and as
it grows and elongates it gives rise to a branch.
(2)Reproductive parts:- The flower is a highly specialized
reproductive shoot. Each typical flower consists of four
members arranged in four whorls one above the other. The
lowermost whorl is called calyx and its members are sepals.
The second one is corolla and each member if it is called
petal. The third is male whorl known as androecium members
of which are stamens. The upper most whorl is gynocium the
members of which are carpels. Each statement on its top
bear another which contains powdery or dust like grains- the
pollen grains. Gynocian has at its has a chamber called
ovary which have minute egg like bodies in it called ovules,
each with an egg cell or ovum in it.
The top of gynocium is known as stigma.
When pollen grains are carried over to the stigma by insects
or wind, then the ovary develops into the fruit, the ovule
onto the seed and the egg cell into the embryo. Embryo grows
into a seedling.
Seed like gram, pea , bean, castor, near two cotylendons
in their embryo while others e.g. rice, maize bear only one
cotyledon in their embryo. The former type is called
dicotyledons and latter is moncotylendons
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