Answer Posted / venu

types of joins:
• Equijoin
• Non-equijoin
• Outer join
• Self join

Equijoins:
-------------
To determine an employee’s department name, you compare the
value in the DEPARTMENT_ID
column in the EMPLOYEES table with the DEPARTMENT_ID values
in the DEPARTMENTS table.
The relationship between the EMPLOYEES and DEPARTMENTS
tables is an equijoin—that is, values
in the DEPARTMENT_ID column on both tables must be equal.
Frequently, this type of join involvesprimary and foreign
key complements.

SELECT employees.employee_id, employees.last_name,
employees.department_id, departments.department_id,
departments.location_id
FROM employees, departments
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;

Non-Equijoins:
----------------
A non-equijoin is a join condition containing something
other than an equality operator.
The relationship between the EMPLOYEES table and the
JOB_GRADES table has an
example of a non-equijoin. A relationship between the two
tables is that the SALARY
column in the EMPLOYEES table must be between the values in
the LOWEST_SALARY
and HIGHEST_SALARY columns of the JOB_GRADES table. The
relationship is
obtained using an operator other than equals (=).

SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level
FROM employees e, job_grades j
WHERE e.salary
BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;

Outer Joins:
---------------
The missing rows can be returned if an outer join operator
is used in the join condition. The operator
is a plus sign enclosed in parentheses (+), and it is
placed on the “side” of the join that is deficient in
information. This operator has the effect of creating one
or more null rows, to which one or more rows
from the nondeficient table can be joined.
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.department_id(+) = d.department_id ;

Self Joins:
-------------
Joining a Table to Itself
Sometimes you need to join a table to itself. To find the
name of each employee’s manager, you need
to join the EMPLOYEES table to itself, or perform a self
join.

SELECT worker.last_name || ’ works for ’
|| manager.last_name
FROM employees worker, employees manager
WHERE worker.manager_id = manager.employee_id ;

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