Answer / sam shandil

1. Agitator (Impeller): Agitators achieve the following objectives; (a) bulk fluid and gas-phase mixing, (b) air dispersion, (c) oxygen transfer, (d) heat transfer, (e) suspension of solid particles, and (f) maintenance of a uniform environment throughout the vessel.

2. Stirrer Glands and Bearings: The satisfactory sealing of the stirrer shaft assembly has been one of the most difficult problems; this is very important for maintaining aseptic conditions over long periods. Four basic types of seal assembly have been used in fermenters: (1) the stuffing box (packed- gland seal), (2) the simple bush seal, (3) the mechanical seal and (4) the magnetic drive.

3. Baffles: Baffles are metal strips roughly one-tenth of the vessel diameter and attached radially to the fermenter wall. They are normally used in fermenters having agitators to prevent vortex formation and to improve aeration efficiency.

4. Aeration System (Sparger): The device used to introduce air into the fermenter broth is called sparger. Spargers are of the following three basic types: (1) porous spargers, (2) orifice spargers and (3) nozzle spargers. Porous spargers may be made of sintered glass, ceramics or a metal.

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