Answer / roshanpr

During pass by value a duplicate copy of the parameters
passed are created. Any changes made to copy will not
reflect the actual parameters.

In pass by pointer(it called as pass by address) duplicate
copy is not created. and any chagnes made to copy will
reflect in actual parameters also.

Answer / ven

Pass by value - a copy is made

Pass by pointer ( explicit pointer)
example:
void func(int * ptr_sent)
main()
{
int i;
int *p;
p = &i;
func(p);
}

void func(int * ptr_sent)
{
*ptr_sent = *ptr_sent + 2
// adds 2 to the value in location pointed by ptr_sent
}

Pass by reference (implicit pointer)
example:
void func(int &ref_sent)
main()
{
int i;
func(&i);
}

void func(int &ref_sent)
{
ref_sent = ref_sent + 2
// adds 2 to the ref_sent
// Please note that you do not need * when using reference
// Any code manipulating reference reflects changes on i
}

Answer / ranjeet garodia

Pass by value - a copy is made

Pass by pointer ( explicit pointer)
example:
void func(int * ptr_sent)
main()
{
int i;
int *p;
p = &i;
func(p);
}

void func(int * ptr_sent)
{
*ptr_sent = *ptr_sent + 2
// adds 2 to the value in location pointed by ptr_sent
}

answers given by yen .. there is one error ... in pass by
reference .. when calling function pass the variable not
the address....fun(i) should be called instead of fun(&i)

Pass by reference (implicit pointer)
example:
void func(int &ref_sent)
main()
{
int i;
func(i); // call by reference
}

void func(int &ref_sent)
{
ref_sent = ref_sent + 2
// adds 2 to the ref_sent
// Please note that you do not need * when using reference
// Any code manipulating reference reflects changes on i
}

Answer / sampurna pandey

i am not agree with Ranjeet, you mention this

main()
{
int i;
func(i); // call by reference
}

but fun(i) is a call by value not call by reference

your code will give compile error.

Ven eample is right.

Answer / sanish joseph

In Pass by value,copy of the value is passed, but in pass by
reference the address of the variables are passed as a
reference.pointer are variables storing the address of
another variable so it can be used as a pass by referece,
den it s teamed "passing by pointer".

Board Coloring Problem Description In this problem you are given a board in which some of the elements are placed as shown in diagram below. Each element represents a color. Fill the other elements in the board, such that none of the adjacent elements (vertically, horizontally and diagonally) should be of the same color. Find out the minimum number of colors that should be used to fill the blank spaces in the board, so that the above condition is met. Color representation is -: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7……………………. There is sample board: For Example: Given Board : Matrix representation of board is : [ _ 1 _ _ ] [ 2 _ _ _ ] [ _ _ 2 _ ] [ 2 _ _ _ ] here blank space is represented by '_' . Minimum colors to fill this board (given in the picture)is 4. Instruction to work with Open PBT Client: Specify the work directory path in the 'Work directory Path' field. The path should correspond to your solution Work directory. Download the support files by clicking the Get Dev Files. You will find the problem directories containing: problem.h file problem.c file in your project directory. Code the solution in.c file inside the problem directory All required files will be downloaded to your work directory. Creating additional files is strongly discouraged. Step 1: In your Solution File: Implement your logic in function int color(char board[4][4]) char board[4][4]board is 2 dimensional matrix of order M X M where M = 4. You can create more functions if required, but those functions should be in the same file. Step 2: In your solution keep in mind the following constraints. In this problem you have to write a program that finds the minimum number of colors needed to fill a board in which some of the elements are placed in advance. Function color() will take 2 dimension board as a input. Function color() returns the minimum number of colors that could fill the board meeting the given condition. Board is a 2 dimensional of M X M where M = 4 else return 0 Fill the other elements in the board, such that none of the adjacent elements (vertically, horizontally and diagonally) should be of the same color. The Prototype of the function is int color(char board[4][4]) This function takes following arguments. board is 2 dimensional matrix of order M X M where M = 4. This function returns minimum no of color by which board can be filled. The constraints are: Board is a 2 dimensional of M X M where M = 4 else return 0 Fill the other elements in the board, such that none of the adjacent elements (vertically, horizontally and diagonally) should be of the same color. Example 1 Input { 2 0 _ 1 } { _ 1 _ _ } { _ 2 _ 0 } { _ _ _ 1 } Output 5 Explanation: We need a minimum 5 different colors to complete the board. Example 2 Input { 2 0 _ 1 3} { _ 1 _ _ 2} { _ 2 _ 0 1} { _ _ _ 1 2} { _ _ _ _ 0} Output 0 Explanation: Size of the board is greater than 4X4. Example 3 Input { _ 0 } { 1 _ } Output 0 Explanation: Size of the board is less than 4X4. For C solutions Header File : boardcoloring.h Function Name : int color(char board1[4][4]) File Name : boardcoloring.c For C++ solutions Header File : boardcoloring.h Class Name : BoardColoring Function Name : int color(char board1[4][4]) File Name : boardcoloring.c

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