SSC ? Grade ?D? Exam
ENGLISH
SENTENCE IMPROVEMENT
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SSC ? Grade ?D? Exam
ENGLISH
SENTENCE IMPROVEMENT
Directions (Qs. 1 to 135) : In each question
below, a part of the sentence is italicized. Below are
given alternatives to the italicized part which may improve
the sentence. Choose the correct alternative. In case no
improvement is needed, option ?D? is the answer.
1. If you cross the line you will be disqualified.
(a) cross upon the line
(b) cross on the line
(c) cross out the line
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
2. My friend was in the hospital for a week after an
accident.
(a) through
(b) following
(c) for
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) following
3. I want you to clearly understand that excuses won?t
do.
(a) you clearly to understand
(b) you to understand clearly
(c) to clearly understand you
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
4. I have lived in Delhi since I was four.
(a) am living
(b) lived
(c) had lived
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
5. To get one?s name in the Rowland Ward?s book of
hunting records was the hot ambition of every serious
hunter.
(a) extreme
(b) burning
(c) high
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) high
6. In fact, if it hadn?t been for his invaluable
advice on so many occasions I wouldn?t have achieved
anything in life.
(a) remarkable advice
(b) valuable advice
(c) priceless suggestions
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
7. The greatest thing in style is to have a use of
metaphor.
(a) knowledge
(b) command
(c) need
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) knowledge
8. John had told me that he hasn?t done it yet.
(a) told
(b) tells
(c) was telling
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) tells
9. The record for the biggest tiger hunt has not been
met since 1911 when Lord Hardinge, then Viceroy of India,
shot a tiger that measured eleven feet six and three-fourth
inches.
(a) improved
(b) broken
(c) bettered
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) broken
10. Whatever to our other problems, we have no
shortcoming to cheap labour in India.
(a) default
(b) deficit
(c) scarcity
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) scarcity
11. Mr. Smith arrived at India in June last year.
(a) to
(b) by
(c) in
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) in
12. If he would have tried he would have succeeded.
(a) is tried
(b) Was tried
(c) had tried
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) had tried
13. I will not go to school, if it shall rain tomorrow.
(a) it would rain tomorrow
(b) it will rain tomorrow
(c) it rains tomorrow
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) it rains tomorrow
14. Why the dinosaurs died out is not known.
(a) it is not known
(b) the reason is not known
(c) that is not known
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
15. He could not look anything in the dark room.
(a) look at
(b) see
(c) see through
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) see
16. He was fined for careless driving.
(a) got fined
(b) fined
(c) was to be fined
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
17. We look forward to hear from you.
(a) hearing
(b) have heard
(c) listen
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) hearing
18. When the examinations were over Anil and me went to
our native town.
(a) me and Anil
(b) Anil and I
(c) I and Anil
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) Anil and I
19. Will you kindly open the knot?
(a) Unite
(b) break
(c) loose
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) Unite
20. Realizing is the significance of technical
education for a developing country, the government laid
aside a large sum on it during the last plan-period.
(a) laid up
(b) set aside
(c) laid out
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) set aside
21. Other countries have eradicated this disease ten
years ago.
(a) eradicated
(b) had eradicated
(c) did eradicated
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) eradicated
22. We were not the wiser for all his effort to explain
the case to us.
(a) none
(b) neither
(c) nevertheless
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) none
23. If I stood alone in defence of truth, and the whole
world s banded against me and against truth, I would fight
them all.
(a) will be banded
(b) were banded
(c) banded
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) were banded
24. During his long discourse, he did not tough that
point.
(a) touch upon
(b) touch on
(c) touch of
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) touch on
25. He has not and can never be in the good books of
his employer because he lakes honesty.
(a) has not and cannot be
(b) has not and can never been
(c) has not been and can never be
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) has not been and can never be
26. This matter admits of no excuse.
(a) admits to
(b) admits from
(c) admits
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
27. You have come here with a view to insult me.
(a) to insulting me
(b) of insulting me
(c) for insulting me
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) to insulting me
28. For all our powers of reason and under-standing we
know a little about life?s secrets.
(a) a little of live?s secrets
(b) little about life?s secrets
(c) nothing about life?s secrets
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) little about life?s secrets
29. He died in the year 1960 at 11 p.m. on 14 July.
(a) on 14 July in the year 1960 at 11 p.m.
(b) in the year 1960 on 14 July at 11 p.m.
(c) at 11 p.m. on 14 July in the year 1960
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) at 11 p.m. on 14 July in the year
1960
30. The logic of the Berlin Wall already had been
undermined but when the news came through that the Wall
itself had been opened I jumped into a car.
(a) had been undermined already
(b) had already been undermined
(c) had been already undermined
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) had already been undermined
31. Taxpayers are to be conscious of their privileges.
(a) have to
(b) need
(c) ought to
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) have to
32. I would have waited for you at the station if I
knew that you would come.
(a) Had known
(b) was knowing
(c) have known
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) Had known
33. No one could explain how a calm and balanced person
like him could penetrate such a mindless act on his friends.
(a) perpetaute
(b) perpetrate
(c) precipitate
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) perpetrate
34. The old man felled some trees in the garden with
hardly no effort at all.
(a) hard effort
(b) hardly any effort
(c) a hardly any effort
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) hardly any effort
35. Five years ago today, I am sitting in a small
Japanese car, driving across Poland towards Berlin.
(a) was sitting
(b) sat
(c) have been sitting
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) was sitting
36. But in all these cases conversion from one scale to
another is easy because scales have well-formulated.
(a) can be well-formulated
(b) are well-formulated
(c) well-formulated
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) are well-formulated
37. The more they earn, more they spend.
(a) More they earn, more they spend
(b) More they earn, the more they spend
(c) The more they earn, the more they spend
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) The more they earn, the more they
spend
38. Although India is still by far a poor country, it
can become rich if its natural and human resources are
fully utilized.
(a) few and far between
(b) by and large
(c) by and by
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) by and large
39. Due to these reason we are all in favour of
universal compulsory education.
(a) Out of these reasons
(b) For these reasons
(c) By these reasons
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) For these reasons
40. While we would like that all Indian children to go
to school, we need to ponder why they do not.
(a) that all the Indian children
(b) if all the children of India
(c) all Indian children
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) all Indian children
41. You are warned against committing the same mistake
again.
(a) to commit
(b) for committing
(c) against to commit
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
42. The workers are hell bent at getting what is due to
them.
(a) hell bent on getting
(b) hell bent for getting
(c) hell bent upon getting
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) hell bent upon getting
43. She says she?s already paid me back, but I can?t
remember, so I?ll have to take her word.
(a) to take her word true
(b) to take her at her word
(c) to take her word for it
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) to take her at her word
44. When it was feared that the serfs might go too far
and gain their freedom from serfdom, the Protestant leaders
joined the princes at crushing them.
(a) into crushing
(b) in crushing
(c) without crushing
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) in crushing
45. In India today many of our intellectuals still talk
in terms of the French Revolution and the Rights of Man,
not appreciating that much has happened since then.
(a) much had been happening
(b) much had happened
(c) much might happen
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
46. The end of the examinations is a (an) opportunity
for celebrating.
(a) chance
(b) moment
(c) occasion
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) moment
47. Our office clock is not so correct as it should be
it is usually five minutes fast.
(a) right
(b) regular
(c) accurate
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) accurate
48. You cannot forbid him leaving.
(a) he leaving
(b) his leaving
(c) him to leave
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) him to leave
49. I hope you won?t object to me watching while you
work.
(a) against me watching
(b) me to watch
(c) to my watching
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) to my watching
50. The dissidents hold a great problem in every
political party.
(a) cause
(b) give
(c) pose
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) cause
51. Not long back, in Japan, a mysterious nerve gas
affected a large number of people.
(a) effected
(b) infected
(c) infested
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) infected
52. As she was suffering from high fever, she could not
face the examination.
(a) bear
(b) suffer
(c) take
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) take
53. As he is past his teens now, he can look for
himself.
(a) after
(b) to
(c) around
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) after
54. Either he or I am going.
(a) he or I are going
(b) he is going or I am
(c) I or he is going
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
55. It will be no good trying to find an excuse next
time.
(a) to try to find
(b) to try finding
(c) trying finding
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) to try to find
56. We did not see this movie yet.
(a) have seen
(b) have not seen
(c) have seen
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) have not seen
57. I shall not go until I am invited.
(a) till I am invited
(b) unless I am invited
(c) if not I am invited
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) unless I am invited
58. I took the cycle which he bought yesterday.
(a) that he bought yesterday
(b) that which he had bought yesterday
(c) that he had bought yesterday
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) that he had bought yesterday
59. If you had attended the meeting, you would have
benefited a great deal.
(a) could benefit
(b) would benefit
(c) benefited
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
60. The cloud of misfortunes appears to have blown out.
(a) over
(b) up
(c) away
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) over
61. We had nothing to eat since eight o?clock, this
morning.
(a) have had nothing
(b) had had nothing
(c) did have nothing
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) have had nothing
62. If you are not clear about the meaning of a word,
it is wise to look to a dictionary.
(a) look for
(b) look at
(c) look up
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) look up
63. They are social insects, living in communities,
regulated by definite laws, each member of society bearing
a well-defined and separate part in the work of a colony.
(a) who are living in communities
(b) living among a community
(c) who lives with a community
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
64. He should move on to the next point, and not harp
one string only.
(a) harp on string only
(b) harp only one string
(c) harp upon one string only
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) harp upon one string only
65. Please make it a point to send your letter at my
address.
(a) On my address
(b) to my address
(c) in my address
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) to my address
66. The demonstration passed off peacefully.
(a) passed out
(b) passed away
(c) passed on
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
67. This telephone number is not existing.
(a) has not existed
(b) does not exist
(c) has not been existing
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) does not exist
68. Whenever my students come across new words, I ask
them to look for them in the dictionary.
(a) to look it up
(b) to look them up
(c) to look at them
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) to look them up
69. Please remind me of posting these letters to my
relatives.
(a) by posting
(b) to post
(c) for posting
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) to post
70. If you are living near a market place you should be
ready to bear the disturbances caused by traffic.
(a) to bear upon
(b) to bear with
(c) to bear away
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) to bear with
71. Practically every part of the banana tree is used
by man.
(a) each part
(b) any part
(c) most part
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
72. Hoping not to be disturbed, I sat down in my easy
chair to read the book I won as a prize.
(a) I had won as a prize
(b) I have won as prize
(c) I had to win as a prize
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) I had won as a prize
73. His father won?t be able to leave for Varnasi until
they have arrived.
(a) until they arrive
(b) until they will have arrived
(c) until they will arrive
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) until they arrive
74. The company goes to great length to ensure that
employees can be comfortable in their work environment.
(a) are comfortable
(b) Will be comfortable
(c) should be comfortable
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) are comfortable
75. The reason why he wrote the letter was because he
could not contact him over the phone.
(a) why he wrote the letter was since
(b) for which he wrote the letter because
(c) why he wrote the letter was that
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) for which he wrote the letter
because
76. I shall be grateful to you if you are of help to me
now.
(a) help
(b) would help
(c) helped
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) would help
77. Will you lend me few rupees in this hour of need?
(a) lend me any rupees
(b) borrow me a few rupees
(c) lend me a few rupees
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) lend me a few rupees
78. No sooner he had returned home then his mother felt
happy.
(a) had he returned home when
(b) he had returned home than
(c) did he return home than
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) did he return home than
79. There is no more room for you in this compartment.
(a) There is no more seat
(b) There is no more space
(c) There is no more accommodation
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) There is no more space
80. Young men and women should get habituated to
reading and writing about current affairs.
(a) used
(b) prepared
(c) trained
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
81. While crossing the highway a five year old child
was knocked out by a passing car.
(a) away
(b) up
(c) down
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) down
82. Every time I go in a lift to my sixth floor
apartment, I remember the calm and serenity of my ancestral
home in the village.
(a) move in a lift
(b) Ascend in a lift
(c) take a lift
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) take a lift
83. He found a wooden broken chair in the room.
(a) wooden and broken chair
(b) broken wooden chair
(c) broken and wooden chair
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) broken wooden chair
84. If the room had been brighter, I would have been
able to read for a while before bed time.
(a) If the room was brighter
(b) If room are brighter
(c) Had the room been brighter
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) Had the room been brighter
85. Not a word they spoke to the unfortunate wife about
it.
(a) did they speak
(b) they will speak
(c) they had spoken
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) did they speak
86. More than one person was killed in the accident.
(a) were killed
(b) are killed
(c) have been killed
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) were killed
87. If he had time he will call you.
(a) would have
(b) would have had
(c) has
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) has
88. His powerful desire brought about his downfall.
(a) His intense desire
(b) His desire for power
(c) His fatal desire
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) His desire for power
89. All, but her, had made an attempt.
(a) All, but she,
(b) All but herself
(c) All, but her
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) All, but she,
90. I hope you vividly remember the premiere of the
film when I, my wife and you were present in the hall.
(a) my wife, I and you
(b) you, I and my wife
(c) my wife, you and I
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) my wife, you and I
91. With a thundering roar the huge rocket soared up
from he launching pad.
(a) flew up
(b) went upwards
(c) took off
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) took off
92. My opinion for the film is that it will bag the
national award.
(a) opinion to
(b) opinion on
(c) opinion about
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) opinion on
93. He sent a word to me that he would be coming late.
(a) sent word
(b) had sent a word
(c) sent words
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) sent word
94. It became clear that the strangers were heading
into a serious disaster.
(a) along
(b) towards
(c) for
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) towards
95. Twenty kilometers are not a great distance in these
days of fast moving vehicles.
(a) is not a great distance
(b) is no distance
(c) aren?t a great distance
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) is not a great distance
96. I am used to hard work.
(a) work hard
(b) work hardly
(c) hard working
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
97. It was indeed a shock for her, but she has later
recovered from it.
(a) since
(b) Then
(c) afterwards
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) since
98. There is a dearth of woman doctor in our state. We
shall have to recruit some from the other states.
(a) women doctor
(b) woman doctors
(c) women doctors
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) women doctors
99. The poor villagers have waited in the bitter cold
for more than four hours now.
(a) have been waiting
(b) had waited
(c) has been waiting
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) have been waiting
100. Most donors would seriously protest any effort to
extrapolate from such limited data.
(a) protest against
(b) protest at
(c) protest to
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) protest against
101. The right-to-work implies the obligation on the
part of the government to give a job to all the unemployed.
(a) any of the unemployed
(b) every unemployed
(c) each of the unemployed
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) each of the unemployed
102. I do not know why he avoids to speak to me.
(a) saying to me
(b) speaking to me
(c) to tell me
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) speaking to me
103. Are you more cleverer than us?
(a) more cleverer to us
(b) cleverer to us
(c) cleverer than us
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) cleverer than us
104. In accordance to your instructions, we have
remitted the amount in the bank.
(a) for
(b) by
(c) with
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) with
105. I knew he could not be trusted; he let off the cat
from the bag.
(a) let the cat out of the bag
(b) let the cat from the bag
(c) let the cat jump out of the bag
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) let the cat out of the bag
106. The mother has not seen the child for several
months and now eagerly looks forward to seeing him.
(a) looks ahead to
(b) looks for
(c) looks onto
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
107. He sat until he was chilled with the cold, glancing
occasionally at the figure of the old woman peering into
the window.
(a) behind the window
(b) up the window
(c) through the window
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) through the window
108. This matter must be considered in every point of
view.
(a) at
(b) from
(c) with
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) from
109. He opened the letter without caring to read the
address on the envelope.
(a) worrying
(b) bothering
(c) thinking
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) bothering
110. The parents became extremely troubled when their
son did not return by midnight.
(a) sad
(b) depressed
(c) anxious
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) anxious
111. Each of our students pay their tuition fee at the
beginning of the month.
(a) student pays their
(b) students pays his
(c) student pay their
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) students pays his
112. He found it difficult to adapt to the changed
circumstances.
(a) adapt himself to
(b) adapt with
(c) adapt according to
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) adapt himself to
113. I am definitely late; the train will have left the
station by the time I reach there.
(a) will leave
(b) will be leaving
(c) would have left
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) would have left
114. Scarcely had he entered the room than the phone
rang.
(a) as
(b) when
(c) while
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
115. It is unreasonable to disort the statement of a man
simply because he does not agree with your opinions.
(a) bend
(b) denounce
(c) discourage
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) denounce
116. When a man has to give evidence he must have a
clean breast of the whole matter.
(a) make a clean breast
(b) obtain a clean breast
(c) possess a clean breast
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) make a clean breast
117. His trousers are three sizes large.
(a) three size
(b) three sizes too
(c) three sizes over
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) three sizes too
118. The Managing Director said that the firm had
ordered the goods and will have to pay for them.
(a) may have to pay
(b) would have to pay
(c) shall have to pay
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
119. She gave most of her time to music.
(a) spent
(b) lent
(c) devoted
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) devoted
120. She did not ask any question to him.
(a) him any question
(b) to him any question
(c) any question from him
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) him any question
121. I am looking forward to see you soon.
(a) looking forward for seeing
(b) looking forward to seeing
(c) looking forward towards seeing
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) looking forward to seeing
122. Having finished the book, it was put away by him.
(a) it was being put away by him
(b) he put it away
(c) it was putting away by him
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) he put it away
123. They have stopped from constructing new buildings.
(a) to construct
(b) at constructing
(c) constructing
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) constructing
124. When the clock struck six I was waiting here for an
hour.
(a) had waited
(b) shall have waited
(c) had been waiting
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) had been waiting
125. If the pain is returning you would better take
another pill.
(a) returned
(b) should returned
(c) has returned
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) returned
126. I complimented him for his success in the
examination.
(a) on his success
(b) at his success
(c) about his success
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) on his success
127. The crop?s quality improved after fertilizers were
applied to the paddy field.
(a) The crop-quality
(b) The quality in the crop
(c) The quality of the crop
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) The quality of the crop
128. My father agreed with my going alone for the
examination.
(a) to my going alone
(b) that I go alone
(c) I go alone
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) to my going alone
129. Many accidents can be avoided if we be careful.
(a) Were careful
(b) are careful
(c) might be careful
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) are careful
130. Not till he got home he did realize that he had
lost his keys in the theatre.
(a) he realised
(b) he did not realise
(c) did he realise
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) did he realise
131. She had no difficulty to settle down to her new
life in the city.
(a) to settling down
(b) for settling down
(c) in settling down
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( c ) in settling down
132. It is easier walking than run.
(a) easier to walk than to run
(b) easier walking than running
(c) easier walking to running
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( a ) easier to walk than to run
133. The members of his family are coming in this train.
(a) on
(b) by
(c) with
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) by
134. The winter was such severe that even water in the
taps was frozen.
(a) severe so much
(b) so severe
(c) severe such
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( b ) so severe
135. No sooner had the umpire given the batsman out than
the crowd rushed into the field.
(a) and the crowd
(b) when the crowds
(c) but the people
(d) No Improvement
Ans: ( d ) No Improvement
Is This Answer Correct ? | 25 Yes | 14 No |
If one always ought to act so as to produce the best possible circumstances, then morality is extremely demanding. No one could plausibly claim to have met the requirements of this "simple principle." . . . It would seem strange to punish those intending to do good by sentencing them to an impossible task. Also, if the standards of right conduct are as extreme as they seem, then they will preclude the personal projects that humans find most fulfilling. From an analytic perspective, the potential extreme demands of morality are not a "problem." A theory of morality is no less valid simply because it asks great sacrifices. In fact, it is difficult to imagine what kind of constraints could be put on our ethical projects. Shouldn't we reflect on our base prejudices, and not allow them to provide boundaries for our moral reasoning? Thus, it is tempting to simply dismiss the objections to the simple principle. However, in Demands of Morality, Liam Murphy takes these objections seriously for at least two distinct reasons. First, discussion of the simple principle provides an excellent vehicle for a discussion of morality in general. Perhaps, in a way, this is Murphy's attempt at doing philosophy "from the inside out.". . . Second, Murphy's starting point tells us about the nature of his project. Murphy must take seriously the collisions between moral philosophy and our intuitive sense of right and wrong. He [must do so] because his work is best interpreted as intended to forge moral principles from our firm beliefs, and not to proscribe beliefs given a set of moral principles. [Murphy] argues from our considered judgments rather than to them. . . For example, Murphy cites our "simple but firmly held" beliefs as supporting the potency of the over- demandingness objection, and nowhere in the work can one find a source of moral values divorced from human preferences. Murphy does not tell us what set of "firm beliefs" we ought to have. Rather, he speaks to an audience of well- intentioned but unorganized moral realists, and tries to give them principles that represent their considered moral judgments. Murphy starts with this base sense of right and wrong, but recognizes that it needs to be supplemented by reason where our intuitions are confused or conflicting. Perhaps Murphy is looking for the best interpretation of our convictions, the same way certain legal scholars try to find the best interpretation of our Constitution. This approach has disadvantages. Primarily, Murphy's arguments, even if successful, do not provide the kind of motivating force for which moral philosophy has traditionally searched. His work assumes and argues in terms of an inner sense of morality, and his project seeks to deepen that sense. Of course, it is quite possible that the moral viewpoints of humans will not converge, and some humans have no moral sense at all. Thus, it is very easy for the moral skeptic to point out a lack of justification and ignore the entire work. On the other hand, Murphy's choice of a starting point avoids many of the problems of moral philosophy. Justifying the content of moral principles and granting a motivating force to those principles is an extraordinary task. It would be unrealistic to expect all discussions of moral philosophy to derive such justifications. Projects that attempt such a derivation have value, but they are hard pressed to produce logical consequences for everyday life. In the end, Murphy's strategy may have more practical effect than its first-principle counterparts, which do not seem any more likely to convince those that would reject Murphy's premises. 1) The author suggests that the application of Murphy's philosophy to the situations of two different groups: a) would help to solve the problems of one group but not of the other. b) could result in the derivation of two radically different moral principles. c) would be contingent on the two groups sharing the same fundamental beliefs. d) could reconcile any differences between the two groups. 2) Suppose an individual who firmly believes in keeping promises has promised to return a weapon to a person she knows to be extremely dangerous. According to Murphy, which of the following, if true, would WEAKEN the notion that she should return the weapon? a) She also firmly believes that it is morally wrong to assist in any way in a potentially violent act. b) She believes herself to be well-intentioned in matters of right and wrong. c) The belief that one should keep promises is shared by most members of her community. d) She derived her moral beliefs from first-principle ethical philosophy. 3) The passage implies that a moral principle derived from applying Murphy's philosophy to a particular group would be applicable to another group if: a) the first group recommended the principle to the second group. b) the moral viewpoints of the two groups do not converge. c) the members of the second group have no firmly held beliefs. d) the second group shares the same fundamental beliefs as the first group. 4) According to the passage, the existence of individuals who entirely lack a moral sense: a) confirms the notion that moral principles should be derived from the considered judgments of individuals. b) suggests a potential disadvantage of Murphy's philosophical approach. c) supports Murphy's belief that reason is necessary in cases in which intuitions are conflicting or confused. d) proves that first-principle strategies of ethical theorizing will have no more influence over the behavior of individuals than will Murphy's philosophical approach. 5) Which of the following can be inferred about "doing philosophy from the inside out?" a) Murphy was the first philosopher to employ such an approach. b) It allows no place for rational argument in the formation of ethical principles. c) It is fundamentally different from the practice of first-principle philosophy. d) It is designed to dismiss objections to the "simple principle." 6) A school board is debating whether or not to institute a dress code for the school's students. According to Murphy, the best way to come to an ethical decision would be to: a) consult the fundamental beliefs of the board members. b) analyze the results of dress codes instituted at other schools. c) survey the students as to whether or not they would prefer a dress code. d) determine whether or note a dress code has ever been instituted in the school's history.
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